What is IP Address?

      

 

        what is IP Address?
One of the most important topics in any discussion of TCP/IP is IP addressing. An IP address is a numeric identifier assigned to each machine on an IP network. It designates the location of a device on the network. An IP address is a software address, not a hardware address—the latter is hard-coded on a network interface card (NIC) and used for finding hosts on a local network. IP addressing was designed to allow a host on one network to communicate with a host on a different network, regardless of the type of LANs the host is participating in.
E Dotted Decimals
The traditional IP Address (IPv4) uses a 32-bit number to represent an IP address, and it defines both network and host address. Due to IPv4 addresses running out, a new version of the IP protocol (IPv6) has been invented to offer a virtually limitless number of unique addresses. An IP address is written in "dotted decimal" notation, which is 4 sets of numbers separated by period each set representing 8-bit number ranging from (0-255). An example of IPv4 address is 216.3.128.12, which is the IP address assigned to topwebhosts.org.
An IPv4 address is divided into two parts: network and host address. The network address determines how many of the 32 bits are used for the network address, and remaining bits for the host address. The host address can further divided into sub network and host number.
E UTP Cabling   Color Chart

568 A	568 B
White/Green	White/Orange
Green	Orange
White/Orange	White/Green
Blue	Blue
White/Blue	White/Blue
Orange	Green
White/Brown	White/Brown
Brown	Brown

1                                                                            1
2                                                                            2
3                                                                            3
4                                                                            4
5                                                                            5
6                                                                            6            cross over
7                                                                            7
8                                                                            8
 
A Cross over cable is to connect computer to computer
A Straight trough is used to connect three or more computers and Hub
E Peer – to Peer Networking
A Peer-to peer network enables any or all of the machines on the network to act as a server
E Installing and Configuring a Wired Network
·         Network Interface Card
The physical hardware that connects the commuter system to the network wire
·         Protocol
The language that the computer systems use to communicate
E Configuring TCP/IP
·          Network Addressing
Network Address must provide two pieces of information. It must Uniquely identify the machine and it must It locates that machine with in the larger network.
In a TCP/IP network, the IP address identifies the PC and The Subnet mask helps to determine in which subnet within the network the machine resides
 
·         IP-Address
The IP address is the unique identification number for your system on the network
IP addresses are four sets of eight binary numbers (octets) separated by a period
A traditional TCP/IP network divides IP addresses into classes that correspond with the potential size of the network. Class A, Class B, Class C
Class A addresses were intended for huge companies, such as major Multinational Corporations. Class C was targeted for LANs
 

1-126

0-255

0-255

1-254

CLASS A   
 
                                         NTK ID                          HOST ID

128-191

0-255

0-255

1-254

CLASS B
 
                                               NTK ID                                     HOST ID

192-223

0-255

0-255

1-254

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
CLASS C       
                                                                 NTK ID                                        HOST ID

224-239

0-255

0-255

1-254

 
CLASS D
                                                        NTK Address
 
 
 
 

CLASS	IP ADDRESS	NET WORK ID	RANGE OF VALUE
A	W.X.Y.Z	W.O.0.O	1_126
B	W.X.Y.Z	W.X.O.O	128_191
C	W.X.Y.Z	W.X.Y.O	192_223
D	W.X.Y.Z	W.X.Y.Z	224_239

 
E IP address Assignment
Automatic (generating for their own in the range 169.254.X.Y Static (manual)
Class A, B, and C addresses

Network CLASS	Address Range	No of Network Address Available	No Of Host Nodes (Computers) Supported
A	1-126	129	16,777,214
B	128-191	16,364	65,534
C	192-223	2,097,152	254

    127 address ranges (i.e. 127.0.0.1) is reserved for network testing (loop back) operations
 Class A range goes from 10.0.0.1 to 10.255.255.254
Class B range goes from 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.255.254
Class C range goes 192.168.0.1 To 192.168.255.254
E Subnet mask
The subnet mask is a value that distinguishes which part of IP address is the network address    and which part of the address is host address. The subnet mask holds out (or masks) the network portion (octets) of an IP address.
§  The default subnet Mask for
           Class A     addresses is 255.0.0.0
          Class B     addresses is   255.255.0.0
          Class C   addresses is   255.255.255.0
For example in class B IP address 131.190.4.121 and with subnet mask 255.255.0.0 the first octets (131.190) makeup the network address and the (4.121) makeup the host address
Peer –to- Peerènetworking needs Group name
Client/server è networking needs Domain name
 
E Workgroup
A simple grouping of computers intended only to help users find such things as printers and shared folders within that group. Workgroups in Windows do not offer the centralized user accounts and authentication offered by domains.
E  Domain
A group of computers that are part of a network and share a common directory database. A domain is administered as a unit with common rules and procedures. Each domain has a unique name.
An Active Directory domain is a collection of computers defined by the administrator of a Windows network.
E Host
A Windows computer that runs a server program or service used by network or remote clients. For Network Load Balancing, a cluster consists of multiple hosts connected over a local area network (LAN).
 
 
1.       TCP /IP Tools
ü  Ping
ü  Ipconfig →show information
ü  IP config /all →show detailed information 
ü  IPconfig/renew→ renew all adapters
Ping address (type IP address of other computer to check the connection and press Enter)
IPconfig
Display all current TCP/IP network configurations values and refreshes Dynamic Host configuration protocol (DHCP) and Domain Name System (DNS) settings .used without parameters, ipconfig displays the IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway for all adapters
Ipconfig/all
Displays the full TCP/IP configuration for all adapters without this parameter, ipconfig displays, subnet mask, and default gateway values for each Adapter
E Verifying the connection using TCP utilities
Using the TCP/IP utilities ipconfig &  ping to ensure your network Connection is functioning
Ø  From the start menu select run
Ø  Type cmd and click ok
Ø  Type ipconfig and press  Enter
Ø  Your IP address information is displayed
Ø  Type ping <partner’s IP address > and press Enter
Ø  You should receive replies from your partner’s machine
Type exists and presses Enter